Constraint validation API
The Constraint Validation API enables checking values that users have entered into form controls, before submitting the values to the server.
Concepts and usage
Certain HTML form controls, such as <input>
, <select>
and <textarea>
, can restrict the format of allowable values, using attributes like required
and pattern
to set basic constraints.
However, you may want to impose more complex constraints, or to provide clearer reporting of validation failures than the defaults. This can be done using the Constraint Validation API.
Note: Client-side constraint validation doesn't remove the need for validation on the server side. Even though client-side validation can prevent many common kinds of invalid values, invalid ones can still be sent by older browsers or by attackers trying to trick your web application. Therefore, you need to also validate input values on the server side, in a way that is consistent with what is done on the client side. Client side validation is a tool for giving quick feedback to the user. You should not rely on it to completely sanitize data received by the server.
Validation of constraints through the constraint validation API is done either on a single form element or at the form level, on the <form>
element itself.
Constraint validation interfaces
- ValidityState
-
The ValidityState interface represents the validity states that a form control element can have, with respect to its defined constraints. Together, they help explain whether and why an element's value fails to validate.
- invalid event
-
This event type is fired at a form control element if the element does not satisfy its constraints.
Extensions to other interfaces
The constraint validation API extends the interfaces for the form-associated elements listed below with a number of new properties and methods (elements that can have a form
attribute that indicates their form owner):
HTMLButtonElement
HTMLFieldsetElement
HTMLInputElement
HTMLObjectElement
HTMLOutputElement
HTMLSelectElement
HTMLTextAreaElement
Properties
validity
-
A read-only property that returns a
ValidityState
object, whose properties represent validation errors for the value of that element. validationMessage
-
A read-only property that returns an empty string if the element is not a candidate for constraint validation, or if the element's value is valid. If the element's value is not valid, it returns a localized validation message. This will be displayed in the UI if the element is the only form control with a validity problem; if a custom error message is set using
setCustomValidity()
, this will be shown. willValidate
-
A read-only boolean property that returns
true
if the element is a candidate for constraint validation; andfalse
otherwise. Elements with theHTMLObjectElement
interface are never candidates for constraint validation. Others may be barred from constraint validation depending on specific conditions.
Methods
checkValidity()
-
Checks the element's value against its constraints. If the value is invalid, it fires an invalid event at the element and returns
false
; otherwise it returnstrue
. reportValidity()
HTMLFormElement method-
Checks the element's value against its constraints and also reports the validity status; if the value is invalid, it fires an invalid event at the element, returns
false
, and then reports the validity status to the user in whatever way the user agent has available. Otherwise, it returnstrue
. setCustomValidity(message)
-
Sets a custom error message string to be shown to the user upon submitting the form, explaining why the value is not valid — when a message is set, the validity state is set to invalid. To clear this state, invoke the function with an empty string passed as its argument. In this case the custom error message is cleared, the element is considered valid, and no message is shown.
Examples
Take the following form:
<form>
<label for="name">Enter username (upper and lowercase letters): </label>
<input type="text" name="name" id="name" required pattern="[A-Za-z]+">
<button>Submit</button>
</form>
The basic HTML form validation features will cause this to produce a default error message if you try to submit the form with either no value filled in, or a value that does not match the pattern
.
If you wanted to instead display custom error messages, you could use JavaScript like the following:
const nameInput = document.querySelector('input');
nameInput.addEventListener('input', () => {
nameInput.setCustomValidity('');
nameInput.checkValidity();
});
nameInput.addEventListener('invalid', () => {
if(nameInput.value === '') {
nameInput.setCustomValidity('Enter your username!');
} else {
nameInput.setCustomValidity('Usernames can only contain upper and lowercase letters. Try again!');
}
});
The example renders like so:
In brief:
- We check the valid state of the input element every time its value is changed by running the
checkValidity()
method via theinput
event handler. - If the value is invalid, an
invalid
event is raised, and theinvalid
event handler function is run. Inside this function we work out whether the value is invalid because it is empty, or because it doesn't match the pattern, using anif()
block, and set a custom validity error message. - As a result, if the input value is invalid when the submit button is pressed, one of the custom error messages will be shown.
- If it is valid, it will submit as you'd expect. For this to happen, the custom validity has to be cancelled, by invoking
setCustomValidity()
with an empty string value. We therefore do this every time theinput
event is raised. If you don't do this, and a custom validity was previously set, the input will register as invalid, even if it currently contains a valid value on submission.
Note: Firefox supported a proprietary error attribute — x-moz-errormessage
— for many versions, which allowed you set custom error messages in a similar way. This has been removed as of version 66 (see bug 1513890).
Specifications
Specification |
---|
HTML Standard # the-constraint-validation-api:validitystate-3 |
See also
<input>
<select>
<textarea>
's properties:ValidityState
badInput
,customError
,patternMismatch
,rangeOverflow
,rangeUnderflow
,stepMismatch
,tooLong
,tooShort
,typeMismatch
,valid
, andvalueMissing
.