Cache-Control

The Cache-Control HTTP header field holds directives (instructions) — in both requests and responses — that control caching in browsers and shared caches (e.g. Proxies, CDNs).

Caching directives follow the validation rules below:

• Caching directives are case-insensitive. However, lowercase is recommended because some implementations do not recognize uppercase directives.
• Multiple directives are comma-separated.
• Some directives have an optional argument.

The following table lists the standard Cache-Control directives:

Note: Check the compatibility table for their support; user agents that don't recognize them should ignore them.

This section defines the terms used in this document, some of which are from the specification.

(HTTP) cache

Implementation that holds requests and responses for reusing in subsequent requests. It can be either a shared cache or a private cache.

Shared cache

Cache that exists between the origin server and clients (e.g. Proxy, CDN). It stores a single response and reuses it with multiple users — so developers should avoid storing personalized contents to be cached in the shared cache.

Private cache

Cache that exists in the client. It is also called local cache or browser cache. It can store and reuse personalized content for a single user.

Store response

Store a response in caches when the response is cacheable. However, the cached response is not always reused as-is. (Usually, "cache" means storing a response.)

Reuse response

Reuse cached responses for subsequent requests.

Revalidate response

Ask the origin server whether or not the stored response is still fresh. Usually, the revalidation is done through a conditional request.

Fresh response

Indicates that the response is fresh. This usually means the response can be reused for subsequent requests, depending on request directives.

Stale response

Indicates that the response is a stale response. This usually means the response can't be reused as-is. Cache storage isn't required to remove stale responses immediately because revalidation could change the response from being stale to being fresh again.

Age

The time since a response was generated. It is a criterion for whether a response is fresh or stale.

This section lists directives that affect caching — both response directives and request directives.

max-age

The max-age=N response directive indicates that the response remains fresh until N seconds after the response is generated.

Cache-Control: max-age=604800

Indicates that caches can store this response and reuse it for subsequent requests while it's fresh.

Note that max-age is not the elapsed time since the response was received; it is the elapsed time since the response was generated on the origin server. So if the other cache(s) — on the network route taken by the response — store the response for 100 seconds (indicated using the Age response header field), the browser cache would deduct 100 seconds from its freshness lifetime.

Cache-Control: max-age=604800
Age: 100

s-maxage

The s-maxage response directive also indicates how long the response is fresh for (similar to max-age) — but it is specific to shared caches, and they will ignore max-age when it is present.

Cache-Control: s-maxage=604800

no-cache

The no-cache response directive indicates that the response can be stored in caches, but the response must be validated with the origin server before each reuse, even when the cache is disconnected from the origin server.

Cache-Control: no-cache

If you want caches to always check for content updates while reusing stored content, no-cache is the directive to use. It does this by requiring caches to revalidate each request with the origin server.

Note that no-cache does not mean "don't cache". no-cache allows caches to store a response but requires them to revalidate it before reuse. If the sense of "don't cache" that you want is actually "don't store", then no-store is the directive to use.

must-revalidate

The must-revalidate response directive indicates that the response can be stored in caches and can be reused while fresh. If the response becomes stale, it must be validated with the origin server before reuse.

Typically, must-revalidate is used with max-age.

Cache-Control: max-age=604800, must-revalidate

HTTP allows caches to reuse stale responses when they are disconnected from the origin server. must-revalidate is a way to prevent this from happening - either the stored response is revalidated with the origin server or a 504 (Gateway Timeout) response is generated.

proxy-revalidate

The proxy-revalidate response directive is the equivalent of must-revalidate, but specifically for shared caches only.

no-store

The no-store response directive indicates that any caches of any kind (private or shared) should not store this response.

Cache-Control: no-store

private

The private response directive indicates that the response can be stored only in a private cache (e.g. local caches in browsers).

Cache-Control: private

You should add the private directive for user-personalized content, especially for responses received after login and for sessions managed via cookies.

If you forget to add private to a response with personalized content, then that response can be stored in a shared cache and end up being reused for multiple users, which can cause personal information to leak.

public

The public response directive indicates that the response can be stored in a shared cache. Responses for requests with Authorization header fields must not be stored in a shared cache; however, the public directive will cause such responses to be stored in a shared cache.

Cache-Control: public

In general, when pages are under Basic Auth or Digest Auth, the browser sends requests with the Authorization header. This means that the response is access-controlled for restricted users (who have accounts), and it's fundamentally not shared-cacheable, even if it has max-age.

You can use the public directive to unlock that restriction.

Cache-Control: public, max-age=604800

Note that s-maxage or must-revalidate also unlock that restriction.

If a request doesn't have an Authorization header, or you are already using s-maxage or must-revalidate in the response, then you don't need to use public.

must-understand

The must-understand response directive indicates that a cache should store the response only if it understands the requirements for caching based on status code.

must-understand should be coupled with no-store for fallback behavior.

Cache-Control: must-understand, no-store

If a cache doesn't support must-understand, it will be ignored. If no-store is also present, the response isn't stored.

If a cache supports must-understand, it stores the response with an understanding of cache requirements based on its status code.

no-transform

Some intermediaries transform content for various reasons. For example, some convert images to reduce transfer size. In some cases, this is undesirable for the content provider.

no-transform indicates that any intermediary (regardless of whether it implements a cache) shouldn't transform the response contents.

Note: Google's Web Light is one kind of such an intermediary. It converts images to minimize data for a cache store or slow connection and supports no-transform as an opt-out option.

immutable

The immutable response directive indicates that the response will not be updated while it's fresh.

Cache-Control: public, max-age=604800, immutable

A modern best practice for static resources is to include version/hashes in their URLs, while never modifying the resources — but instead, when necessary, updating the resources with newer versions that have new version-numbers/hashes, so that their URLs are different. That's called the cache-busting pattern.

<script src=https://example.com/react.0.0.0.js></script>

When a user reloads the browser, the browser will send conditional requests for validating to the origin server. But it's not necessary to revalidate those kinds of static resources even when a user reloads the browser, because they're never modified. immutable tells a cache that the response is immutable while it's fresh and avoids those kinds of unnecessary conditional requests to the server.

When you use a cache-busting pattern for resources and apply them to a long max-age, you can also add immutable to avoid revalidation.

stale-while-revalidate

The stale-while-revalidate response directive indicates that the cache could reuse a stale response while it revalidates it to a cache.

Cache-Control: max-age=604800, stale-while-revalidate=86400

In the example above, the response is fresh for 7 days (604800s). After 7 days it becomes stale, but the cache is allowed to reuse it for any requests that are made in the following day (86400s), provided that they revalidate the response in the background.

Revalidation will make the cache be fresh again, so it appears to clients that it was always fresh during that period — effectively hiding the latency penalty of revalidation from them.

If no request happened during that period, the cache became stale and the next request will revalidate normally.

stale-if-error

The stale-if-error response directive indicates that the cache can reuse a stale response when an origin server responds with an error (500, 502, 503, or 504).

Cache-Control: max-age=604800, stale-if-error=86400

In the example above, the response is fresh for 7 days (604800s). After 7 days it becomes stale, but it can be used for an extra 1 day (86400s) if the server responds with an error.

After a period of time, the stored response became stale normally. This means that the client will receive an error response as-is if the origin server sends it.

The no-cache request directive asks caches to validate the response with the origin server before reuse.

Cache-Control: no-cache

no-cache allows clients to request the most up-to-date response even if the cache has a fresh response.

Browsers usually add no-cache to requests when users are force reloading a page.

The no-store request directive allows a client to request that caches refrain from storing the request and corresponding response — even if the origin server's response could be stored.

Cache-Control: no-store

Note that the major browsers do not support requests with no-store.

The max-age=N request directive indicates that the client allows a stored response that is generated on the origin server within N seconds — where N may be any non-negative integer (including 0).

Cache-Control: max-age=3600

In the case above, if the response with Cache-Control: max-age=604800 was generated more than 3 hours ago (calculated from max-age and the Age header), the cache couldn't reuse that response.

Many browsers use this directive for reloading, as explained below.

Cache-Control: max-age=0

max-age=0 is a workaround for no-cache, because many old (HTTP/1.0) cache implementations don't support no-cache. Recently browsers are still using max-age=0 in "reloading" — for backward compatibility — and alternatively using no-cache to cause a "force reloading".

If the max-age value isn't non-negative (for example, -1) or isn't an integer (for example, 3599.99), then the caching behavior is undefined. However, the Calculating Freshness Lifetime section of the HTTP specification states:

Caches are encouraged to consider responses that have invalid freshness information to be stale.

In other words, for any max-age value that isn't an integer or isn't non-negative, the caching behavior that's encouraged is to treat the value as if it were 0.

The max-stale=N request directive indicates that the client allows a stored response that is stale within N seconds.

Cache-Control: max-stale=3600

In the case above, if the response with Cache-Control: max-age=604800 was generated more than 3 hours ago (calculated from max-age and the Age header), the cache couldn't reuse that response.

Clients can use this header when the origin server is down or too slow and can accept cached responses from caches even if they are a bit old.

Note that the major browsers do not support requests with max-stale.

The min-fresh=N request directive indicates that the client allows a stored response that is fresh for at least N seconds.

Cache-Control: min-fresh=600

In the case above, if the response with Cache-Control: max-age=3600 was stored in caches 51 minutes ago, the cache couldn't reuse that response.

Clients can use this header when the user requires the response to not only be fresh, but also requires that it won't be updated for a period of time.

Note that the major browsers do not support requests with min-fresh.

Same meaning that no-transform has for a response, but for a request instead.

The client indicates that cache should obtain an already-cached response. If a cache has stored a response, it's reused.

If you don't want a response stored in caches, use the no-store directive.

Cache-Control: no-store

Note that no-cache means "it can be stored but don't reuse before validating" — so it's not for preventing a response from being stored.

Cache-Control: no-cache

In theory, if directives are conflicted, the most restrictive directive should be honored. So the example below is basically meaningless because private, no-cache, max-age=0 and must-revalidate conflict with no-store.

# conflicted
Cache-Control: private, no-cache, no-store, max-age=0, must-revalidate

# equivalent to
Cache-Control: no-store

When you build static assets with versioning/hashing mechanisms, adding a version/hash to the filename or query string is a good way to manage caching.

For example:

<!-- index.html -->
<script src=/assets/react.min.js></script>
<img src=/assets/hero.png width=900 height=400>

The React library version will change when you update the library, and hero.png will also change when you edit the picture. So those are hard to store in a cache with max-age.

In such a case, you could address the caching needs by using a specific, numbered version of the library, and including the hash of the picture in its URL.

<!-- index.html -->
<script src=/assets/react.0.0.0min.js></script>
<img src=/assets/hero.png?hash=deadbeef width=900 height=400>

You can add a long max-age value and immutable because the content will never change.

# /assets/*
Cache-Control: max-age=31536000, immutable

When you update the library or edit the picture, new content should have a new URL, and caches aren't reused. That is called the "cache busting" pattern.

Use a no-cache to make sure that the HTML response itself is not cached. no-cache could cause revalidation, and the client will correctly receive a new version of the HTML response and static assets.

# /index.html
Cache-Control: no-cache

Note: If index.html is controlled under Basic Authentication or Digest Authentication, files under /assets are not stored in the shared cache. If /assets/ files are suitable for storing in a shared cache, you also need one of public, s-maxage or must-revalidate.

For content that's generated dynamically, or that's static but updated often, you want a user to always receive the most up-to-date version.

If you don't add a Cache-Control header because the response is not intended to be cached, that could cause an unexpected result. Cache storage is allowed to cache it heuristically — so if you have any requirements on caching, you should always indicate them explicitly, in the Cache-Control header.

Adding no-cache to the response causes revalidation to the server, so you can serve a fresh response every time — or if the client already has a new one, just respond 304 Not Modified.

Cache-Control: no-cache

Most HTTP/1.0 caches don't support no-cache directives, so historically max-age=0 was used as a workaround. But only max-age=0 could cause a stale response to be reused when caches disconnected from the origin server. must-revalidate addresses that. That's why the example below is equivalent to no-cache.

Cache-Control: max-age=0, must-revalidate

But for now, you can simply use no-cache instead.

Unfortunately, there are no cache directives for clearing already-stored responses from caches.

Imagine that clients/caches store a fresh response for a path, with no request flight to the server. There is nothing a server could do to that path.

Alternatively, Clear-Site-Data can clear a browser cache for a site. But be careful: that clears every stored response for a site — and only in browsers, not for a shared cache.

• HTTP caching
• Caching Tutorial for Web Authors and Webmasters
• Caching best practices & max-age gotchas
• Cache-Control for Civilians
• RFC 7234 – Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP/1.1): Caching
• RFC 5861 – HTTP Cache-Control Extensions for Stale Content
• RFC 8246 – HTTP Immutable Responses