X-XSS-Protection

The HTTP X-XSS-Protection response header is a feature of Internet Explorer, Chrome and Safari that stops pages from loading when they detect reflected cross-site scripting (XSS) attacks. These protections are largely unnecessary in modern browsers when sites implement a strong Content-Security-Policy that disables the use of inline JavaScript ('unsafe-inline').

Warning: Even though this feature can protect users of older web browsers that don't yet support CSP, in some cases, XSS protection can create XSS vulnerabilities in otherwise safe websites. See the section below for more information.

Note:

This means that if you do not need to support legacy browsers, it is recommended that you use Content-Security-Policy without allowing unsafe-inline scripts instead.

Header type Response header
Forbidden header name no

Syntax

X-XSS-Protection: 0
X-XSS-Protection: 1
X-XSS-Protection: 1; mode=block
X-XSS-Protection: 1; report=<reporting-uri>
0

Disables XSS filtering.

1

Enables XSS filtering (usually default in browsers). If a cross-site scripting attack is detected, the browser will sanitize the page (remove the unsafe parts).

1; mode=block

Enables XSS filtering. Rather than sanitizing the page, the browser will prevent rendering of the page if an attack is detected.

1; report=<reporting-URI> (Chromium only)

Enables XSS filtering. If a cross-site scripting attack is detected, the browser will sanitize the page and report the violation. This uses the functionality of the CSP report-uri directive to send a report.

Vulnerabilities caused by XSS filtering

Consider the following excerpt of HTML code for a webpage:

<script>var productionMode = true;</script>
<!-- [...] -->
<script>
  if (!window.productionMode) {
    // Some vulnerable debug code
  }
</script>

This code is completely safe if the browser doesn't perform XSS filtering. However, if it does and the search query is ?something=%3Cscript%3Evar%20productionMode%20%3D%20true%3B%3C%2Fscript%3E, the browser might execute the scripts in the page ignoring <script>var productionMode = true;</script> (thinking the server included it in the response because it was in the URI), causing window.productionMode to be evaluated to undefined and executing the unsafe debug code.

Setting the X-XSS-Protection header to either 0 or 1; mode=block prevents vulnerabilities like the one described above. The former would make the browser run all scripts and the latter would prevent the page from being processed at all (though this approach might be vulnerable to side-channel attacks if the website is embeddable in an <iframe>).

Example

Block pages from loading when they detect reflected XSS attacks:

X-XSS-Protection: 1; mode=block

PHP

header("X-XSS-Protection: 1; mode=block");

Apache (.htaccess)

<IfModule mod_headers.c>
  Header set X-XSS-Protection "1; mode=block"
</IfModule>

Nginx

add_header "X-XSS-Protection" "1; mode=block";

Specifications

Not part of any specifications or drafts.

Browser compatibility

BCD tables only load in the browser

See also