Optional chaining (?.)

The optional chaining operator (?.) enables you to read the value of a property located deep within a chain of connected objects without having to check that each reference in the chain is valid.

The ?. operator is like the . chaining operator, except that instead of causing an error if a reference is nullish (null or undefined), the expression short-circuits with a return value of undefined. When used with function calls, it returns undefined if the given function does not exist.

This results in shorter and simpler expressions when accessing chained properties when the possibility exists that a reference may be missing. It can also be helpful while exploring the content of an object when there's no known guarantee as to which properties are required.

Optional chaining cannot be used on a non-declared root object, but can be used with an undefined root object.

The optional chaining operator provides a way to simplify accessing values through connected objects when it's possible that a reference or function may be undefined or null.

For example, consider an object obj which has a nested structure. Without optional chaining, looking up a deeply-nested subproperty requires validating the references in between, such as:

let nestedProp = obj.first && obj.first.second;

The value of obj.first is confirmed to be non-null (and non-undefined) before then accessing the value of obj.first.second. This prevents the error that would occur if you accessed obj.first.second directly without testing obj.first.

With the optional chaining operator (?.), however, you don't have to explicitly test and short-circuit based on the state of obj.first before trying to access obj.first.second:

let nestedProp = obj.first?.second;

By using the ?. operator instead of just ., JavaScript knows to implicitly check to be sure obj.first is not null or undefined before attempting to access obj.first.second. If obj.first is null or undefined, the expression automatically short-circuits, returning undefined.

This is equivalent to the following, except that the temporary variable is in fact not created:

let temp = obj.first;
let nestedProp = ((temp === null || temp === undefined) ? undefined : temp.second);

You can use optional chaining when attempting to call a method which may not exist. This can be helpful, for example, when using an API in which a method might be unavailable, either due to the age of the implementation or because of a feature which isn't available on the user's device.

Using optional chaining with function calls causes the expression to automatically return undefined instead of throwing an exception if the method isn't found:

let result = someInterface.customMethod?.();

Dealing with optional callbacks or event handlers

If you use callbacks or fetch methods from an object with a destructuring assignment, you may have non-existent values that you cannot call as functions unless you have tested their existence. Using ?., you can avoid this extra test:

// Written as of ES2019
function doSomething(onContent, onError) {
  try {
    // ... do something with the data
  }
  catch (err) {
    if (onError) { // Testing if onError really exists
      onError(err.message);
    }
  }
}

// Using optional chaining with function calls
function doSomething(onContent, onError) {
  try {
   // ... do something with the data
  }
  catch (err) {
    onError?.(err.message); // no exception if onError is undefined
  }
}

You can also use the optional chaining operator when accessing properties with an expression using the bracket notation of the property accessor:

let nestedProp = obj?.['prop' + 'Name'];

This example looks for the value of the name property for the member bar in a map when there is no such member. The result is therefore undefined.

let myMap = new Map();
myMap.set("foo", {name: "baz", desc: "inga"});

let nameBar = myMap.get("bar")?.name;

When using optional chaining with expressions, if the left operand is null or undefined, the expression will not be evaluated. For instance:

let potentiallyNullObj = null;
let x = 0;
let prop = potentiallyNullObj?.[x++];

console.log(x); // 0 as x was not incremented

With nested structures, it is possible to use optional chaining multiple times:

let customer = {
  name: "Carl",
  details: {
    age: 82,
    location: "Paradise Falls" // detailed address is unknown
  }
};
let customerCity = customer.details?.address?.city;

// … this also works with optional chaining function call
let customerName = customer.name?.getName?.(); // method does not exist, customerName is undefined

The nullish coalescing operator may be used after optional chaining in order to build a default value when none was found:

let customer = {
  name: "Carl",
  details: { age: 82 }
};
const customerCity = customer?.city ?? "Unknown city";
console.log(customerCity); // Unknown city

• The Nullish Coalescing Operator