const
Constants are block-scoped, much like variables declared using the
let
keyword. The value of a constant can't be changed through reassignment (i.e. by using the assignment operator), and it can't be redeclared (i.e. through a variable declaration). However, if a constant is an object or array its properties or items can be updated or removed.
Syntax
const name1 = value1 [, name2 = value2 [, ... [, nameN = valueN]]];
nameN
-
The constant's name, which can be any legal identifier.
valueN
-
The constant's value. This can be any legal expression, including a function expression.
The destructuring assignment syntax can also be used to declare variables.
const { bar } = foo; // where foo = { bar:10, baz:12 };
/* This creates a constant with the name 'bar', which has a value of 10 */
Description
This declaration creates a constant whose scope can be either global or local to the
block in which it is declared. Global constants do not become
properties of the window
object, unlike var
variables.
An initializer for a constant is required. You must specify its value in the same statement in which it's declared. (This makes sense, given that it can't be changed later.)
The const
declaration creates a read-only reference to a
value. It does not mean the value it holds is immutable—just that the
variable identifier cannot be reassigned. For instance, in the case where the content is
an object, this means the object's contents (e.g., its properties) can be altered.
All the considerations about the
temporal dead zone
apply to both let
and const
.
A constant cannot share its name with a function or a variable in the same scope.
Examples
Basic const usage
Constants can be declared with uppercase or lowercase, but a common convention is to use all-uppercase letters.
// define MY_FAV as a constant and give it the value 7
const MY_FAV = 7;
// this will throw an error - Uncaught TypeError: Assignment to constant variable.
MY_FAV = 20;
// MY_FAV is 7
console.log('my favorite number is: ' + MY_FAV);
// trying to redeclare a constant throws an error
// Uncaught SyntaxError: Identifier 'MY_FAV' has already been declared
const MY_FAV = 20;
// the name MY_FAV is reserved for constant above, so this will fail too
var MY_FAV = 20;
// this throws an error too
let MY_FAV = 20;
Block scoping
It's important to note the nature of block scoping.
if (MY_FAV === 7) {
// this is fine and creates a block scoped MY_FAV variable
// (works equally well with let to declare a block scoped non const variable)
let MY_FAV = 20;
// MY_FAV is now 20
console.log('my favorite number is ' + MY_FAV);
// this gets hoisted into the global context and throws an error
var MY_FAV = 20;
}
// MY_FAV is still 7
console.log('my favorite number is ' + MY_FAV);
const needs to be initialized
// throws an error
// Uncaught SyntaxError: Missing initializer in const declaration
const FOO;
const in objects and arrays
const also works on objects and arrays.
const MY_OBJECT = {'key': 'value'};
// Attempting to overwrite the object throws an error
// Uncaught TypeError: Assignment to constant variable.
MY_OBJECT = {'OTHER_KEY': 'value'};
// However, object keys are not protected,
// so the following statement is executed without problem
MY_OBJECT.key = 'otherValue'; // Use Object.freeze() to make object immutable
// The same applies to arrays
const MY_ARRAY = [];
// It's possible to push items into the array
MY_ARRAY.push('A'); // ["A"]
// However, assigning a new array to the variable throws an error
// Uncaught TypeError: Assignment to constant variable.
MY_ARRAY = ['B'];
Specifications
Specification |
---|
ECMAScript Language Specification # sec-let-and-const-declarations |
Browser compatibility
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