block

A block statement (or compound statement in other languages) is used to group zero or more statements. The block is delimited by a pair of braces ("curly brackets") and may optionally be labelled:

LabelIdentifier: {
  StatementList
}

StatementList

Statements grouped within the block statement.

LabelIdentifier

An optional label for visual identification or as a target for break.

The block statement is often called compound statement in other languages. It allows you to use multiple statements where JavaScript expects only one statement. Combining statements into blocks is a common practice in JavaScript. The opposite behavior is possible using an empty statement, where you provide no statement, although one is required.

Blocks are commonly used in association with if...else and for statements.

Variables declared with var or created by function declarations in non-strict mode do not have block scope. Variables introduced within a block are scoped to the containing function or script, and the effects of setting them persist beyond the block itself. In other words, block statements do not introduce a scope. For example:

var x = 1;
{
  var x = 2;
}
console.log(x); // logs 2

This logs 2 because the var x statement within the block is in the same scope as the var x statement before the block.

In non-strict code, function declarations inside blocks behave strangely. Do not use them.

By contrast, identifiers declared with let and const do have block scope:

let x = 1;
{
  let x = 2;
}
console.log(x); // logs 1

The x = 2 is limited in scope to the block in which it was defined.

The same is true of const:

const c = 1;
{
  const c = 2;
}
console.log(c); // logs 1 and does not throw SyntaxError...

Note that the block-scoped const c = 2 does not throw a SyntaxError: Identifier 'c' has already been declared because it can be declared uniquely within the block.

In strict mode, starting with ES2015, functions inside blocks are scoped to that block. Prior to ES2015, block-level functions were forbidden in strict mode.

• while
• if...else
• let